Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 13, 2026

10:29
Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence
Published on: August 14, 2019
Correction: Unlocking the potential of immunotherapy for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer
Sandip Pravin Patel1, Justin Gainor2, Steven Kao3
1UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, United States.
Frontiers in Oncology
|October 10, 2026
Abstract:
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1690367.].
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Tumor Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
