Biological detoxification of Ochratoxin A: current status, mechanisms, and applications

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a chemically stable and ubiquitous mycotoxin that poses persistent threats to environmental safety and public health due to its potent nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Given the limitations of conventional physical and chemical remediation, biological detoxification has emerged as a sustainable and high-efficiency alternative. This review systematically evaluates three core biological strategies: biological inhibition via nutrient competition and metabolic interference; biosorption through non-covalent binding by microbial cell wall components; and biodegradation, focusing on the enzymatic cleavage of the amide bond or lactone ring. We highlight recent breakthroughs in OTA- degrading enzymes, such as carboxypeptidases and amidohydrolases, emphasizing their catalytic pathways and potential for recombinant expression. Furthermore, the practical applications, industrial challenges, and safety considerations of these green technologies are discussed. This work provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for developing eco-friendly and targeted strategies to safeguard the global food chain and mitigate environmental mycotoxin contamination.