Burden, Patterns and Challenges of Cancer Among Tribal Communities in India

Cancer poses a growing public health challenge in India, which ranks third globally in incidence and is projected to see a 57.5% increase by 2040. Despite this, Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) cover only 0.1% of India's rural population, limiting data on marginalized groups, especially tribal communities. As per the Indian constitution "tribal" are identified as "Scheduled Tribes" recognized for taking protective measures for theses marginalized group. Representing 8.6% of the national population, indigenous population formally called "tribal" populations face rising, often underreported cancer rates. This review examines cancer burden in India's tribal populations by analysing published literature and government reports. It highlights region-wise cancer patterns and associated risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol use, dietary habits, genetic predispositions, and occupational exposures. Northern and northeastern states report high rates of lung, oesophageal, and stomach cancers, while southern and western regions show rising cervical, breast, gynaecological, and gastrointestinal cancers. The review also explores systemic and sociocultural barriers to care, such as low awareness, limited screening, late-stage presentation, and poor health infrastructure. These insights emphasize the need for region-specific, culturally sensitive strategies focusing on prevention, early detection, and integration of oncology into primary care and also integration of advanced telemedicine and AI-based treatment strategies. This review not only highlights epidemiological trends but also identifies critical gaps in awareness, screening, and culturally adapted cancer education, offering guidance for developing targeted educational programs for healthcare workers related to tribal communities.