Neuropathic Mechanisms in Phantom Pain: A Review of Pain Pathways and Peripheral Localization

Phantom limb pain (PLP), the perception of pain in a limb no longer present, is a phenomenon affecting over 80% of amputees. Its prevalence induces severe pain and psychological distress causing a significant decline in the quality of life of amputees. PLP's complex interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms remains the leading cause for limited understanding and management of the condition. This article aims to examine PLP within the framework of pain localization by reviewing previous studies and investigating underexplored dimensions of PLP.

With the current fragmentation of the clinical landscape, a pattern of research inefficiencies and procedures remains implemented, leading to poorer interpretation and less effective treatment options. This review presents an update on the literature regarding the neuropathic mechanisms of phantom pain, with a focus on its manifestation as a failure of general pain localization within the body. Additionally, we examine the limitations that lead to poor understanding of phantom pain, what factors can be implemented to push towards a better comprehension of PLP, as well as underline the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches and individualized patient care in managing this challenging condition.