Integrating Virtual Reality-Based Simulation and Biofeedback Monitoring into Vocal Training: Investigating Cognitive...

The increasing complexity of vocal training, particularly in the control of internal physiological processes, necessitates the integration of technologies capable of enhancing sensorimotor learning and self-regulation. Traditional vocal pedagogy remains limited in accessing and monitoring underlying physiological mechanisms, resulting in a gap between subjective perception and objective performance control. The present study aimed to evaluate whether an immersive training environment integrating virtual reality and multimodal biofeedback could improve short-term physiological, acoustic, and cognitive outcomes during vocal training compared with conventional instruction. A randomized controlled pre-post design was implemented across three universities in China (Beijing). The sample comprised 107 students (aged 18-30 years), randomly assigned to a control group (n = 53) and an experimental VR group (n = 54). The findings indicate significant improvements in the VR group: a reduction in muscle activity (- 6.29 vs. -2.93 in the control group; p < 0.001; d = 0.71) and respiratory variability (- 0.048 vs. -0.022; p < 0.001; d = 1.05). Additionally, increased pitch stability (4.91 vs. 2.37; p < 0.001; d = 0.78) and reduced shimmer were observed. A negative correlation was identified between vocal awareness and EMG (r = - 0.273; p = 0.004). Participants receiving VR-based multimodal biofeedback demonstrated greater short-term improvements in physiological, acoustic, and subjective outcomes than those receiving conventional instruction. These findings are consistent with enhanced sensorimotor adaptation during training within an information-rich learning environment. Although further studies are required to evaluate long-term retention, transfer of learning, and the independent contributions of VR and biofeedback, the proposed approach may complement existing vocal pedagogy by providing learners with additional physiological information during practice.