High-order Ince-Gaussian mode generation and dynamic tuning via intracavity off-axis pumping and astigmatic...

We demonstrate a compact Nd:YVO₄ laser with a plano-concave resonator for dynamic generation and switching of high-order Hermite-Gaussian (HG) and Ince-Gaussian (IG) via off-axis pumping and intracavity astigmatic modulation. By adjusting the orthogonal off-axis displacement of the output coupler, stable one-dimensional HG modes up to the 103rd order are obtained. Further tuning the crystal pitch angle modulates the ellipticity and enables efficient conversion into even-odd superimposed IG modes with tunable p and m indices. We also perform dedicated numerical and experimental analysis on this type of superimposed IG mode. All measured results are in good agreement with simulations. This integrated cavity design offers a compact solution for reconfigurable structured light sources in various photonic applications.