Biological Effects of Magic Mushroom Extracts: A Narrative Review Over the Past 15 Years

Bioactive extracts obtained from mushrooms of the genera Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, and Psilocybe have attracted increasing scientific interest over the past decade. This narrative review critically evaluated studies published between 2010 and 2025 that investigated the biological effects of extracts from these fungi, excluding works involving isolated compounds or clinical trials. The extraction methods, biological activities, and experimental models employed were analyzed. The data reveal that species of the genus Gymnopilus exhibit significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, whereas Panaeolus cyanescens stands out for its promising cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Extracts of Psilocybe demonstrated relevant neuromodulatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Although concerns about toxicity still persist, especially at higher concentrations, the findings reinforce the biotechnological potential of these fungal genera. The standardization of extraction methods, phytochemical characterization, and robust preclinical evaluations are essential steps toward consolidating the safe and effective therapeutic use of these extracts in modern science.