Neuroendocrine prostate cancer converges on a fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine-like program

Advanced prostate cancers can relapse as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), a treatment-resistant state that is independent of androgen receptor (AR) signaling and whose developmental identity remains unclear. We integrated single-cell, bulk, cistrome and spatial datasets across published cohorts and mapped malignant tumor states to human fetal atlases. In the discovery cohort (35,696 tumor cells, 20 patients), NEPC cells were malignant and shared copy-number architecture with adenocarcinoma (chromosome-level r = 0.64). NEPC most closely matched a fetal, lineage-restricted neuroendocrine program, best supported as pulmonary neuroendocrine-like among the alternatives tested (islet, chromaffin and sympathoblast), with the same direction across three cohorts; the pulmonary-versus-islet distinction was method-sensitive and remains provisional. Cross-sectional stage ordering and one illustrative single-tumor pseudotime analysis were consistent with luminal-program loss and neuroendocrine-program gain, while the specific ordering of individual transcription factors remained partly dataset-dependent. A regulatory screen using five methods nominated a circuit centered on ASCL1 whose convergent enhancers overlapped fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine chromatin and showed FOXA1 binding in cell-line and xenograft models (87.0% versus 33.8%; P = 0.016). In one NEPC Visium section, the program localized to malignant NEPC territory defined by copy number, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.85. Based on three NEPC patients with cross-cohort replication of direction, these data support NEPC as an adenocarcinoma-related malignant state converging on a fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine-like reference program and nominate regulatory and surface targets linked to ASCL1 for functional study.