Obesity and thyroid cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications

The global rise in obesity has paralleled the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer, suggesting a potential pathophysiological link. This review comprehensively examines the epidemiological evidence linking obesity to thyroid cancer risk and progression, and elucidates the underlying biological mechanisms. Adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, functions as an active endocrine organ secreting adipokines, cytokines, and hormones that create a favorable microenvironment for tumor initiation and progression. Key mechanisms include insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia activating the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, chronic inflammation driven by adipokines, and estrogen-mediated effects. Understanding these pathways provides insights into potential preventive strategies and targeted therapeutic interventions for obese thyroid cancer patients.