Degradation and Stabilization of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Inverted small-area perovskite solar cells fabricated in the laboratory have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 28%. Nevertheless, stability remains the key bottleneck. This review systematically analyses external stressors moisture, heat, light, oxygen, electric field, intrinsic ion migration and interfacial defects, alongside stabilization strategies including composition, passivation, 2D/3D heterojunctions, facets engineering, and encapsulation. Synergistic stressors produce nonlinear degradation; effective strategies must tackle multiple pathways simultaneously without impairing charge transport.