Global cannabis regulations: Current scenario and the way ahead

Cannabis sativa is commonly known as cannabis or marijuana. It is a psychoactive drug. It has been in use for thousands of years for its medicinal and recreational properties. This article explores the regulatory frameworks governing cannabis and similar drugs in the United States (US), India, and Australia, highlighting key differences, exclusions, inclusions, and their status. In the US, cannabis is federally illegal under the Controlled Substances Act, but numerous states have legalized its use for medical and recreational purposes, creating a patchwork of laws that vary widely across the country. In India, cannabis remains largely prohibited under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, though certain traditional uses, such as bhang, are permitted, and there are emerging efforts to explore its medicinal potential. Australia has legalized medical cannabis at the federal level, while recreational use remains illegal, except for its decriminalization in the Australian Capital Territory. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology has been adopted to make the review more efficient. This study identifies key factors influencing regulatory decisions, including public opinion, medical research, and economic considerations. The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) poses a regulatory challenge by requiring member states to prohibit cannabis production, distribution, and use, thereby creating conflicts with national laws that have legalized or decriminalized cannabis, and hindering international cooperation, trade, and research. By addressing these factors, regulators can create effective frameworks that minimize harms and maximize benefits. Understanding these complex regulatory environments is crucial for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and industry members. This research contributes to informed discussions on harm reduction, public health, and human rights, ultimately informing evidence-based policy decisions and future directions.