Nanozyme-based biosensors for pathogenic microorganism detection: a mini-review

Nanozyme technology has surfaced as a game-changing tool in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, serving as an appealing substitute for traditional biosensing methods. This review first highlighted the unique catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes, including peroxidase-like, catalase-like, oxidase-like, and superoxide dismutase-like activities, which are fundamental to their usefulness. Second, we explored mainstream biosensing platforms, such as colorimetric/lateral flow assays, electrochemical sensors, fluorescent/dual-modal systems, and nanozyme-CRISPR synergistic approaches. Each of these systems benefited from the stability, tunability, and cost-effectiveness of nanozymes. Third, the applications of nanozyme-based biosensors in the diagnosis of clinical pathogens, the detection of foodborne bacteria, and the monitoring of environmental microorganisms were further analyzed. Finally, the future directions of nanozyme-based biosensors were discussed to advance their clinical and industrial translation.