A Review of Detection Probes for Vanin-1: Development and Biological Applications in Various Inflammatory Diseases

Vascular non-inflammatory molecule-1 (Vanin-1), also known as pantetheinase, is a key enzyme that regulates oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and metabolic processes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of pantetheine into cysteamine and pantothenic acid. Recent studies have progressively elucidated its pivotal role in various pathological processes, including acute kidney injury (AKI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver injury, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As an important biomarker for early diagnosis and assessment of treatment efficacy, it has attracted widespread attention and driven the rapid development of highly sensitive and specific detection tools. This article provides a systematic review of Vanin-1 probes developed in recent years, covering fluorescent, chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, and electrochemical sensors, with a focus on their molecular design principles, detection mechanisms, performance characteristics, and biological applications. In addition, this article outlines future trends in Vanin-1 probe technologies, providing a comprehensive theoretical and methodological reference to support further basic research and clinical translation applications related to Vanin-1.