Beyond the Transcriptome: The m⁶A Epitranscriptome in Bovine Mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease that compromises milk production, animal welfare and dairy sustainability. Despite extensive transcriptomic and epigenomic research, a PubMed search completed in September 2026 identified only 12 primary studies addressing epitranscriptomic regulation in bovine mastitis, representing approximately 0.1% of indexed publications. This review critically evaluates N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), the most extensively studied RNA modification in bovine mastitis, its regulatory machinery and effects on mammary immunity, while identifying m⁵C and A-to-I editing as priorities for mechanistic investigation. Current evidence identifies transcript-specific RNA stability as the best-supported mechanism and provides a foundation for investigating m⁶A-dependent translation. Functional studies of ALKBH5-LOC4191, YTHDF2-IER3, YTHDF2-associated CCL20 and CCL5 regulation, m⁶A-regulated LncRNA7825 and FTO-FN1 demonstrate that m⁶A reshapes inflammatory signalling, mitochondrial stress, epithelial-barrier integrity, cell survival and bacterial control. Synthesizing these findings, we propose a context-dependent RNA-fate checkpoint model in which biological effects depend on the modified transcript, effector protein, pathogen, cellular context and infection phase. The FTO-FN1 axis shows that bacterial control and tissue protection can diverge, establishing them as complementary outcomes. Future studies should test whether m⁶A provides an early post-transcriptional response layer and whether pathogens manipulate it, using time-resolved multi-omics, nucleotide-specific perturbation, primary cells, mammary organoids and longitudinal cattle samples. Parallel profiling of non-m⁶A modifications should define interacting regulatory layers. These approaches should establish causal modification sites, resolve pathogen-specific regulation, connect molecular mechanisms with disease trajectories, and support validated milk-based biomarkers, mammary-targeted interventions and prioritization of stable genetic variants for breeding mastitis-resistant cattle.