Utilizing light energy transformation in nanostructures for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic applications

Theranostics, a combination of therapy and diagnostics, represents a paradigm change in precision medicine with the ability to monitor diseases in real time and deliver targeted treatment. Nanomaterials are state-of-the-art technology for photo-energy conversion-based therapeutic action and diagnostic imaging; note the remarkable temporal and spatial precision that uses light as a driving force. This review highlights recent advances in the design and application of such nanomaterials for converting light into demand responses via mechanisms including photoluminescence (PL), photothermal conversion for photothermal therapy (PTT), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), photoelectric effect, SERS-based detection, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Such light-activated systems are versatile platforms for the treatment of various diseases like arthritis, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and retinal degeneration. By integrating multiple therapeutic and diagnostic modalities into a single nanoscale system, photoactive nanomaterials hold the potential to achieve enhanced treatment efficacy with minimal side effects. However, rapid advances are still hindered by challenges related to maximizing tissue penetration and biocompatibility, as well as activation in physiological settings. Nevertheless, the synergy of light-based science and nanotechnology is enabling next-generation precision theranostics and dynamic tools for personalized medicine for physicians. For these intelligent nanoplatforms to reach their full potential in practical healthcare applications, more interdisciplinary research and clinical translation are required.