Knowledge gaps and practices for glaucoma among adults in Palestine: a cross-sectional study

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, often progressing asymptomatically until advanced stages. Awareness and knowledge of glaucoma are critical determinants of early diagnosis and treatment-seeking behavior. Data on glaucoma awareness in Palestine are scarce. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness, knowledge, and attitudes regarding glaucoma among the general Palestinian population and to identify sociodemographic factors associated with inadequate knowledge.

A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1 to December 30, 2025, using an online questionnaire distributed to adults (≥18 years) residing in the West Bank and Jerusalem. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information, glaucoma awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.87). Knowledge scores were calculated with a maximum of 8 points; good knowledge was defined as ≥6 correct answers. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23, employing chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression.

A total of 741 participants completed the survey (50.2% male, 49.8% female). Overall, 54% had heard of glaucoma, but only 13.8% demonstrated good knowledge. Prior awareness of glaucoma was the strongest predictor of good knowledge (aOR = 7.89, p < 0.001). Knowledge gaps were notable regarding the asymptomatic nature of early disease (20.9%), irreversible vision loss (57%), and key risk factors including age ≥40 years (49%), family history (44.9%), and diabetes (55.1%). Older adults, rural residents, and individuals with lower educational levels had significantly lower knowledge scores. Only 26.9% of participants reported eye examinations within the preceding year, and screening intentions were associated with better knowledge (p = 0.015).

Although awareness of glaucoma is moderate in Palestine, comprehensive knowledge remains low, particularly among high-risk populations. Public health interventions should target education beyond name recognition, emphasizing asymptomatic progression, irreversible vision loss, and risk factors. Integrating glaucoma education into clinical visits and community-based programs may improve early detection and prevent blindness.