How does integrated white mango scale management affect mango production in Ethiopia?

White mango scale (WMS) infestation poses a serious threat to mango production in Ethiopia, leading to yield losses, reduced fruit quality, and declining farmer income. This study assesses the impacts of adopting integrated WMS management-combining cultural, chemical, and biological control methods-on mango yield, income, and environmental outcomes using data from 770 households. Results from a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model indicate that education, access to extension services, cooperative membership, credit availability, and farming experience significantly influence adoption decisions. Integrated management practices significantly improve yield and fruit quality, with the highest gains observed under combined strategies. In addition, the environmental assessment, based on farmers' perceived changes, suggests that integrated approaches are associated with improved soil fertility, water quality, biodiversity, and air conditions, while reducing chemical-related waste and pest resistance, thereby supporting a cleaner and more sustainable production system. The study underscores the importance of strengthening access to credit and enhancing extension and training services to promote wider adoption, ultimately improving productivity, farmers' income from mangoes, and environmental sustainability in the region.