Updates in Rhinitis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances

Rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa. It significantly impacts a person's health and quality of life. Traditionally, it is categorized as allergic rhinitis (AR) or nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Recent advancements have led to a more nuanced understanding of its pathophysiology, classification, and management. This review emphasizes key updates over the last decade. The focus is on evolving concepts in phenotyping and endotyping, novel insights into disease mechanisms, advancements in diagnosis, and emerging therapeutic strategies, including biologics and targeted nerve interventions. The recognition of local allergic rhinitis (LAR), the role of innate immunity and epithelial barrier dysfunction, and the increasing array of precision medicine options underscore a paradigm shift toward personalized management. Despite these newer advances, challenges remain in fully characterizing NAR and optimizing therapeutic guidelines. This review aims to provide an overview of these transformative developments, guiding clinicians and researchers toward more effective and tailored approaches to treat rhinitis.