[When mosquitoes no longer fear the cold: arboviruses in Europe]

Infectious diseases result from complex interactions between a host, a pathogen and a vector within a given environment. Over recent decades, climate change, population movements and international trade have contributed to the emergence of arboviruses in temperate regions by facilitating the establishment of their vectors and pathogens. The presence of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in Europe enables local transmission of viruses such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Clinicians should therefore consider these infections in the differential diagnosis of febrile illness, even in the absence of recent travel.