LC-HRMS Profiling and Physicochemical Characterization of Strawberries From Agroclimatic Region in Java, Indonesia

Strawberries are valued for their nutritional and bioactive compounds, yet consumer acceptance in Indonesia remains limited due to high acidity and variable sweetness. This study evaluated the influence of agroclimatic variation across four highland regions of Java, Indonesia (Batu, Ciwidey, Purbalingga, and Tawangmangu) on the physicochemical and bioactive composition of strawberries using soil fertility assessment, antioxidant assays, and LC-HRMS (Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Significant differences (ρ < 0.05) were observed among regions: Batu exhibited the highest total anthocyanin content (TAC) (18.15 ± 1.11 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside/100 g) and total soluble solids (TSS) (8.90 ± 0.10°Brix), while Ciwidey and Batu showed elevated sugar levels (2.15 ± 0.04% and 2.17 ± 0.31%). TAC was greatest in the Batu, corresponding with its intense pigmentation. Strawberries from Tawangmangu contained diverse bioactive profile, including ellagic acid, kaempferol, GABA (Gamma amynobutyric acid), and miquelianin with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (7.41 ± 1.20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g). Antioxidant activity was strongest in Batu and Ciwidey (DPPH- 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging >95%). These findings suggest that altitude, temperature, and soil mineral composition were associated with the strawberry quality, providing a scientific basis for region-specific cultivation and the development of functional food in tropical highland systems.