Nanotechnology-based strategies for helminth control: drug delivery, green nanoparticles, mechanisms, and...

Parasitic helminth infections remain a major global health burden in humans and livestock, with treatment hindered by drug resistance, poor bioavailability, and rapid degradation of conventional anthelmintics. Nanotechnology offers effective alternatives through nanocarrier systems (polymeric, lipid, metallic, and green-synthesized) that enhance drug solubility, stability, targeted delivery, and sustained release, while reducing toxicity. These nanomaterials exert anthelmintic effects through tegumental disruption, oxidative stress induction, metabolic interference, and immune modulation. Several preclinical studies have reported improved efficacy, bioavailability, or dose-sparing potential compared with conventional formulations; however, the available evidence remains heterogeneous. However, clinical translation faces barriers including scale-up, regulatory hurdles, and environmental safety concerns. This review critically evaluates current nanotechnological platforms, identifies key mechanistic pathways, and outlines future research directions within a One Health framework to guide the development of effective and sustainable nanoscale anthelmintic therapies.