Curcuminoids and Dimethoxycurcumin as Therapeutic Agents in Melanoma: Focus on Metastasis and Primary Care...

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer associated with the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. This type of skin cancer continues to be a major concern owing to its strong tendency to spread. Melanoma progression is influenced by the activation of various signalling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Curcuminoids, derived from turmeric, are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and influence the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by acting on key molecules, such as mTORC1, PI3K, and AKT. Curcuminoids have demonstrated reduced ERK phosphorylation, which lowers MAPK pathway activity. Additionally, curcuminoids have been shown to block the cell cycle at the G₂/M phase and consequently inhibit Wnt/β-catenin pathway signalling. This review aims to explore the potential use of curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and a synthetic analogue of curcumin, dimethoxycurcumin, in combating melanoma. This review stands out by comparing natural and synthetic curcuminoids against the signalling pathways that drive melanoma. The abovementioned curcuminoids and synthetic analogue have shown anti-cancer potential by targeting key molecular targets implicated in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK pathways, paving the way for potential novel treatment approaches. Additionally, this review addresses the sustainable development goals and the role of curcuminoids in primary health care.