A corticohypothalamic circuit that mediates maternal awakening to pup cries

Maternal caregiving requires sensory vigilance to ensure offspring survival, particularly during sleep. Infant cries are salient sensory cues that reliably trigger maternal arousal and caregiving responses in both humans and dams, but the underlying neural circuitry remains poorly defined. Here we identify a corticohypothalamic circuit in mice that mediates maternal awakening in response to pup calls. We show that layer 6 (L6) neurons in the temporal association cortex and ectorhinal cortex (TeA/Ect) projecting to the preoptic area (POA) exhibit enhanced responsiveness to pup calls after the transition to motherhood. This enhanced responsiveness is mediated by increased expression of dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1) in TeA/Ect → POA neurons. Additionally, we reveal a pathway from the auditory thalamus to L6 TeA/Ect neurons that transmits pup cues during sleep. Together, these findings identify a dedicated neural circuit that grants infant cries privileged access to arousal systems, likely representing a fundamental adaptation for caregiving across mammals.