Ultrasound-induced luminescence imaging for deep tissues

Ultrasound-induced luminescence imaging enables non-invasive and space-constrained luminescent probe activation, thereby overcoming the limited penetration and high background of traditional light-excited imaging. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the area, focusing on three major paradigms: instant ultrasound-induced luminescence, sonoafterglow luminescence, and Off-On switching luminescence, with detailed explanations of their mechanisms. We also explore various strategies to improve luminescent and biological performance. Additionally, we offer a comprehensive overview of biomedical applications in the tumor microenvironment, the immune system, the nervous system and other regions. Moreover, major challenges in clinical translation and prospects are discussed and identified. These advances make ultrasound-induced luminescence a practical route for generating and controlling light in deep tissue, with promise for precise imaging and targeted treatment of deep-seated disease.