Infant Negative Affect During Mother-Infant Interaction Is Associated with Neonatal Limbic-Prefrontal Connectivity in the First Month of Life
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Updated: Oct 25, 2026

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG
Published on: May 3, 2017
Jonathan Posner1, Andrew M Michael2, Meredith Fay1
1Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Background:
Early caregiving may shape neonatal limbic circuit organization, yet whether microanalytically coded interaction quality relates to neonatal limbic-prefrontal connectivity is unknown. We tested associations between infant and maternal affect during mother-infant interaction and neonatal limbic-prefrontal cortex (PFC) connectivity.
Methods:
At approximately 30 days postnatal, 143 mother-infant dyads from the Healthy MiNDS cohort (São Paulo, Brazil) completed a video-recorded interaction coded with the Coding Interactive Behavior (CIB) system; infant negative affect was the percentage of interaction time in distress. Neonates underwent resting-state fMRI; limbic-PFC connectivity was quantified by principal component analysis of amygdala and hippocampus seed-to-ROI maps. Covariate-adjusted regressions tested associations.
Results:
Infant negative affect was associated with right amygdala-PFC (β = -0.247, p = .003) and right hippocampus-PFC connectivity (β = -0.202, p = .021), both surviving FDR correction and robust across multiple analytic approaches. The amygdala association was limited to infant distress-related behaviors, whereas maternal positive expressiveness showed an independent, opposing association (β = 0.202, p = .019); no other CIB measure was significant. Exploratorily, connectivity was associated with sleep problems at 18-24 months in females (r = -.324, p = .030).
Conclusions:
The emotional quality of early caregiving is associated with neonatal limbic circuit organization: infant distress is selectively associated with weaker amygdala-PFC connectivity, whereas maternal positive affect shows an independent opposing association. These findings identify the mother-infant relationship as a modifiable input to neonatal brain development.
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