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Early Axial Length Response Predicts Long-Term Myopia Control in Children Undergoing Orthokeratology
Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido1, César Villa-Collar2
1Global R&D, Menicon Co., Ltd, Nagoya, Japan. j.santodomingo@menicon.com.
Purpose:
To evaluate whether early axial length (AL) change after 6 months of orthokeratology (OK) wear serves as a clinically meaningful biomarker for predicting long-term myopia control after 2 years.
Methods:
This retrospective analysis included 101 children from a multicentre OK cohort who completed 24 months of follow‑up, with AL measured at baseline and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Early AL shortening was defined as a ≥0.01 mm reduction after 6 months. Longitudinal AL change was assessed using linear mixed‑effects models. To evaluate predictive utility, separate logistic regression models were fitted using the 6-month AL change (ΔAL₆m) as a continuous predictor for two predefined AL outcome categories: favourable AL response (ΔAL₂₄m ≤ 0.30 mm) and poor AL response (>0.59 mm). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)‑derived probability thresholds were obtained using Youden's J statistic. External validation was performed in an independent OK cohort of 69 Japanese children (138 eyes).
Results:
Fourteen children (13.9%) showed early AL shortening. Mixed‑effects modelling showed a significant time × shortening interaction (p < 0.001), with shorteners elongating by ∼0.006 mm/month versus ∼0.019 mm/month in non‑shorteners, yielding ∼0.33 mm less AL growth at 24 months. ΔAL₆m strongly predicted a favourable AL response (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.90, p < 0.001), with an optimal threshold p*=0.33 corresponding to ΔAL₆m ≈ +0.07 mm. ΔAL₆m also predicted a poor AL response (AUC = 0.86, p < 0.001), with p*=0.11 (ΔAL₆m ≈ +0.09 mm). External validation confirmed high AUCs (0.92 and 0.86) but revealed imperfect calibration, particularly for poor AL response.
Conclusions:
Early AL change after 6 months of OK wear is a useful biomarker for risk‑stratifying long‑term myopia control response. Children with ΔAL₆m ≤ 0.07 mm were much more likely to achieve a favourable AL response, whereas those with ΔAL₆m ≥ 0.09 mm had an elevated risk of poor AL response.
