Post-translational modifications in rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that primarily affects the central facial region, including the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. Its clinical features include episodic flushing, persistent erythema, telangiectasia, papulopustular lesions, and in severe cases, phymatous changes such as rhinophyma. Rosacea substantially impairs patients' quality of life, while current treatments focus primarily on symptom control. The pathogenesis of this disease involves abnormal immune responses, infiltration of immune cells, inflammatory reactions and angiogenesis, etc. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly phosphorylation and ubiquitination, may play a role in initiating and sustaining these processes. This article reviews how PTMs such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination affect the pathogenesis of rosacea and assesses these PTM-regulated pathways as potential therapeutic targets.