BOPPPS Instructional Framework Embedding Case- and Problem- Based Strategies in Oral Pathology Education: A Teaching...

Oral pathology education requires students to master both foundational theoretical knowledge and clinical diagnostic reasoning, yet conventional lecture-based instruction provides limited opportunities for structured participatory learning that actively engages both dimensions. This study evaluated the pedagogical effectiveness of the BOPPPS instructional framework-a six phase teaching model comprising bridge-in, objective, pre-assessment, participatory learning, post-assessment, and summary-within an oral pathology curriculum. Within this framework, case-based learning (CBL) and problem-based learning (PBL) were integrated as complementary and overlapping pedagogical strategies and incorporated into phases of the BOPPPS framework, forming a unified, discipline-adapted teaching approach.

A total of 206 undergraduate oral medicine students were randomly assigned to the reform group (the BOPPPS instructional framework integrating case- and problem-based strategies) or a traditional lecture-based control group. Outcomes and learning experience were assessed through theoretical examination scores, experimental diagnostic image-recognition performance, and student satisfaction questionnaire respectively.

Compared with the control group, students in the reform group achieved significantly higher average scores on the oral pathology theoretical examination (adjusted p < 0.001). In the pathology experimental course, the reform group also demonstrated improved overall performance, particularly on items assessing clinical reasoning skills (adjusted p < 0.05). Students also reported high satisfaction with the instructional experience, with the mean overall learning outcome self-assessment score reaching 4.5 out of 5.

The BOPPPS instructional framework with embedded case- and problem-based strategies was associated with improved theoretical examination performance and diagnostic image interpretation in oral pathology. Students also reported high satisfaction with the learning experience.