Controlled-Release Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Childhood Refractory Epilepsy in Latin America

Childhood refractory epilepsy (CRE) remains a major therapeutic challenge in Latin America, where limited access to specialized care, persistent treatment gaps, and high rates of pharmacoresistance contribute to poor clinical outcomes. This review examines the potential of sol-gel-derived silica and titania nanoparticles as controlled-release platforms for antiepileptic drug (AED) delivery, with particular emphasis on localized nanoreservoirs designed to improve drug retention at the epileptogenic focus while reducing systemic exposure. We summarize preclinical evidence for sol-gel matrices loaded with conventional AEDs, including carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenytoin, and topiramate, highlighting their physicochemical properties, controlled-release behavior, biocompatibility, and potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Particular attention is given to experimental strategies developed in murine temporal lobe epilepsy models, together with emerging approaches for targeted and minimally invasive brain delivery. We further discuss the translational pathway of these technologies, including regulatory considerations, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, pediatric clinical evaluation, and implementation challenges in resource-constrained healthcare systems. By integrating materials science, experimental nanomedicine, and the socioeconomic realities of epilepsy care in Latin America, this review identifies the opportunities and remaining barriers for translating sol-gel nanotechnology into clinically applicable therapies for CRE.