Mitochondria, Cell Death, and Neurodegeneration

Mitochondria, acquired during the evolution of eukaryotic cells, have become essential organelles for cellular life. Beyond their well-established role in energy production, mitochondria are key regulators of intracellular signaling, acting as modulators of Ca²⁺ transport and major sources of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial metabolism is also closely linked to the metabolism of signaling molecules, including glutamate and monoamines. Another vital role of mitochondria is their involvement in the regulation of cell death. Disruption of mitochondrial functions contributes to the development of multiple pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we discuss how impairments in major mitochondrial processes contribute to neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases and highlight the principal mitochondrial targets with potential pharmacological relevance.