Artificial Intelligence in Cataract Surgery: A Review of Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Applications

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in the fields of medicine and ophthalmology. Recent advances in machine learning, deep learning and convolutional neural networks have significantly improved cataract detection and grading, intraocular lens power calculations, surgical decision-making, risk prediction and patient education. Intraoperative AI-assisted surgical phase recognition, workflow analysis, real-time guidance, robotic technologies and femtosecond laser integration can improve surgical precision, efficiency and safety. AI has shown promise in predicting visual outcomes, detecting postoperative complications and facilitating telemedicine follow-up. Though challenges with AI include transparency, data diversity, regulatory oversight and clinical validation, continued advances are expected to further personalise cataract surgery, support clinical decision-making, optimise surgical performance and improve patient outcomes. This narrative summarises the current and emerging applications of AI in preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management of cataracts.