Telepharmacy-based mobile health for diabetes care: models, benefits, and barriers-a scoping review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) requires continuous care to prevent complications. Telepharmacy delivered via mobile health (mHealth) applications offers a potential solution, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, the roles of pharmacists within such applications have not been comprehensively mapped.

This scoping review aims to: (1) map existing models of telepharmacy-based mHealth applications for diabetes care, (2) describe the roles and functions of pharmacists within these models, and (3) synthesise the reported benefits and barriers associated with their implementation.

The review followed the Arksey & O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to 20 May 2026. Studies were eligible if they involved pharmacists, used a mobile application for telepharmacy, and targeted any type of diabetes. Data extraction covered study characteristics, pharmacist roles, application features, benefits, and barriers.

Of 227 records, 6 studies (632 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in Malaysia, China, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, and Indonesia covering type 1, type 2, elderly type 2, and gestational diabetes. Pharmacist roles included digital coach, educational facilitator, clinical consultant, and therapy monitor. Key application features comprised electronic medical records, counselling dashboards, adherence and quality of life assessments, medication reminders, and lifestyle monitoring. Reported benefits included improved glycaemic control (HbA1c reduction up to 0.79%), blood pressure, medication adherence, and quality of life (p < 0.05 where reported). Barriers included low digital literacy, technical issues (data synchronisation), waning long-term motivation, and economic constraints (subscription costs).

Telepharmacy-based mHealth applications with active pharmacist involvement may contribute to improving comprehensive diabetes management. However, evidence is currently limited. Future applications should prioritise user-centred design, sustainable engagement strategies, and supportive policy frameworks.

Not applicable.