Biomolecule-Assembled Materials: Bridging Molecular Assembly Rules and Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, and many current drugs and devices are limited by off-target exposure, weak responsiveness to pathological cues, and reduced performance under pulsatile blood flow. Biomolecule-assembled materials, constructed from nucleic acids, proteins/peptides, polysaccharides, and lipids/vesicles, offer a promising way to address these limitations. Their functions arise from sequence- or chemistry-governed assembly rules that encode molecular recognition, transport, and mechanical behavior across multiple scales, from nanostructures to tissue-facing interfaces. This review summarizes recent progress in biomolecule-assembled materials across CVD prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and regeneration. Programmable bio-assemblies support rapid sensing and lesion-localized intervention, while also enabling bioactive coatings, injectable depots, and membrane-mimetic carriers for plaque targeting and drug delivery. By comparing material classes through shared cardiovascular tasks and hemodynamic constraints, modular hybrids suggest potential advantages that merit further investigation under physiologically relevant conditions. Clinical translation will depend on predictive assembly design, standardized manufacturing and quality control, and in vivo validation under physiologically relevant flow. Through converting molecular assembly rules into scalable, hemodynamically robust functions, biomolecule-assembled materials offer a unifying design language for next-generation cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy.