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Updated: Oct 28, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
Published on: October 24, 2025
Female infertility in the 21st century
Malwina A Huzarska1, Marianne Vail, Anum Effendi
1In the PA program at The George Washington University in Washington, DC, Malwina A. Huzarska is director of didactic education and an assistant professor, Marianne Vail is the associate program director and an assistant professor, and Anum Effendi is a PA student. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.
Abstract:
More than 12% of reproductive-age women in the United States seek infertility services each year. Infertility is commonly defined as failure to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Common gynecologic causes of female infertility include endometriosis; diminished ovarian reserve; ovulatory dysfunction and anovulation; and other cervical, uterine, or tubal factors. Advances in medicine and assisted reproductive technology have expanded treatment options for women and couples experiencing infertility. This article provides an updated review of female infertility to support PAs in delivering informed patient counseling on treatment options, recognizing potential complications, and facilitating timely and appropriate referrals.
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