Advances and Challenges in mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Individualized Design and Delivery

Since the widespread use of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, significant progress has also been made in mRNA cancer vaccines. Currently, mRNA cancer vaccines represent one of the most promising treatments for advanced tumors, with several candidates in clinical trials. Compared with traditional treatment methods, mRNA cancer vaccines have several advantages. However, several challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines remain, including the accurate and rapid identification of neoantigens and hotspot mutations that match different HLA types. To address these challenges, we review four key aspects of mRNA cancer vaccine development. These include neoantigen identification technologies, machine learning and AI prediction, mRNA sequence and structure design, and the development of LNP delivery systems. Additionally, we analyze the pipelines of leading companies in this field, providing insights into personalized mRNA cancer vaccines. This review also discusses future challenges and prospects, aiming to help guide this promising field toward the full realization of its potential.