Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Bioimpedance Monitoring of Peripheral Circulation: A Scoping Review and Proposed...

Evidence for pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) in peripheral circulatory dysfunction is heterogeneous, while limb bioimpedance may index segmental pulsatile hemodynamics. This scoping review mapped PEMF effects, bioimpedance-based vascular assessment, and adaptive stimulation architectures. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched in July 2026, supplemented by IEEE Xplore during revision (PRISMA-ScR reporting; no registered protocol). The main search used AI-assisted sequential investigator review; IEEE records underwent independent duplicate human screening. The main search yielded 1750 unique records and 30 core reports; IEEE Xplore added two technical reports. The combined corpus comprised 32 reports, conservatively grouped into 30 study/report clusters. It contained 15 direct clinical, six clinical support/proxy, five preclinical/veterinary, and six technical/pilot reports; 26 were assessed in full text and six from abstracts. Reported outcomes included positive, mixed, and negative directions; heterogeneous endpoints and designs, and the absence of formal risk-of-bias assessment precluded efficacy inference. Low-frequency, low-millitesla regimens recurred, but incomplete and non-equivalent dose reporting precluded identification of an optimal regimen. Contextual bioimpedance evidence supported segmental impedance and pulse-related hemodynamic assessment, not direct measurement of capillary microcirculation. No validated system adapting PEMF from limb bioimpedance for a peripheral-circulation target was identified in the databases searched. The proposed adaptive architecture requires prospective technical and clinical validation.