Scaffolds and Artificial Augmentations for Tendon Repair

Tendon injuries are common musculoskeletal disorders that represent a significant clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of tendon tissue. Although surgical repair remains the standard treatment for severe tendon injuries, healed tendons rarely regain the structural and mechanical properties of native tissue, often resulting in impaired function and an increased risk of re-injury. Recent advances in tissue engineering have introduced biologically active and biomimetic strategies aimed at enhancing tendon healing and promoting functional regeneration. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge of tendon injuries and highlights emerging tissue engineering strategies for tendon repair and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the design and application of natural and synthetic polymers, scaffold engineering, and the key biological and mechanical characteristics required for successful tendon regeneration. In addition, recent developments in drug delivery systems, mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies, and artificial tendon technologies are discussed. These emerging approaches offer promising alternatives and adjuncts to conventional treatments, with the potential to improve tendon healing and functional recovery. However, further studies are required to optimize these technologies, establish their long-term safety and efficacy, and facilitate their translation into routine clinical practice.