A Lightweight Real-Time Vision Framework for Low-Disturbance Veterinary Management and Behavioral Welfare Assessment...

Non-contact behavioral monitoring is important for low-disturbance husbandry of captive forest musk deer, but variable illumination, shadows, partial occlusion, and low target-background contrast can reduce recognition reliability. This study developed HGS-YOLO26n, a lightweight real-time detector for continuous behavior recording under practical captive breeding conditions. HVIEnhanceStem was used to preserve shallow visual cues under weak illumination and low contrast, AdaGFB adapted feature extraction to posture-related shifts in local discriminative regions, and SDIoU improved bounding-box localization under occlusion and target-scale variation. The model was trained and evaluated using 6760 field images collected from 30 enclosures. HGS-YOLO26n achieved an mAP50-95 of 0.8409, exceeding the YOLO26n baseline by 3.74 percentage points, with 2.84 M parameters and an inference speed of 176.8 frames per second. Validation on continuous videos showed that its behavior-duration and event-count estimates were closer overall to blinded manual observations than those of the comparison models. By converting routine surveillance footage into longitudinal, individual-level records of behavior duration, event frequency, and temporal distribution, the system enables efficient review of behavioral activity across extended monitoring periods. Husbandry and veterinary staff can use these records to compare behavioral patterns across observation periods and return to corresponding video segments when specific changes require verification. This provides a low-disturbance source of quantitative behavioral information for routine husbandry, longitudinal observation, and conservation breeding of captive forest musk deer.