Eco-Friendly Nanoparticle-Modified Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Alogliptin: Novel Application to...

Alogliptin (ALO), as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is one of the commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemics for its potential effects on incretin and glucagon levels. For the first time silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced into the polymeric membrane cocktail of a newly developed ALO-selective electrode as ion-to-electron transducers. The optimized sensor achieved a near-Nernstian slope of 60.43 and 58.66 mV/decade as authentic and spiked plasma samples, respectively over a linear range of 8.60×10^-7-1.55×10^-3 M with a limit of detection of 2.86×10^-7 M. The membrane blend involves also; tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as plasticizer and phosphotungestic acid (PT) as cationic exchanger with almost typical Nernstian slope. Testing water layer formation has proven no negative effects on the electrode performance with acceptable operational lifetime and fast dynamic response time. Validation of the experimental parameters has experienced mean percentage recoveries of 95.00 % and relative standard deviation values (%RSD) less than 5.00 %. An average recovery percentage of ≈ 99.00 % was obtained upon application to commercial tablets without significant differences with a previously reported method. The proposed sensor has been exploited as unique application in determining ALO - rabbit plasma binding interaction kinetics through constructing Hill plot, binding isotherms and Vant' Hoff plot in different temperatures. The calculated parameters have proven both spontaneity and positive cooperative binding. Additionally, this sensor has been used as a proof-of-concept demonstration to track the pharmacokinetic behavior of ALO in rabbit males, illustrating its in-vivo pathway. The method was assessed using AGREE, AGREEprep, Complex-GAPI, and BAGI greenness/blueness metrics (scores of 0.69, 0.74, 79, and 77.5, respectively), which are reported and discussed below rather than characterized only qualitatively.