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Factors Associated with Self-Esteem in South Korean Youth: A Longitudinal Study
A-Young Jo1, Solhee Shin2, Yuri Han3
1Graduate School Department of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University, 816-15 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, Republic of Korea.
Purpose:
Self-esteem plays a crucial role in the healthy adjustment of adolescents. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of self-esteem and identified factors associated with self-esteem among South Korean adolescents.
Methods:
Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 (2018-2022), which included 2,457 adolescents who were in the 4th grade in 2018, were analyzed. Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to evaluate the associations of parenting attitudes, grit, happiness, and depression with self-esteem.
Results:
Self-esteem declined from 32.18 (±4.72) in 2018 to 29.03 (±4.31) in 2022, with concurrent declines in happiness, grit, and positive parenting attitudes. Happiness showed the strongest association with self-esteem (Estimate = 0.37), followed by depression (Estimate = -0.27), grit (Estimate = 0.13), and positive parenting attitudes (Estimate = 0.12).
Conclusion:
The concurrent decline in self-esteem and multiple protective factors suggests a need for comprehensive interventions addressing family, emotional, and individual dispositional domains. Nurses in pediatric, mental health, and school or community settings should attend to parenting attitudes, grit, happiness, and depression in combination. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions and the long-term consequences of declining adolescent self-esteem for adult mental health.
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