Peumus boldus: Revealing the Pharmaceutical Potential of the Chilean Forest

Peumus boldus Molina (boldo) is a slow-growing tree endemic to central Chile and the only South American representative of the Monimiaceae family. Adapted to Mediterranean climatic conditions, it possesses sclerophyllous leaves and deep root systems that allow tolerance to drought and high solar radiation. Ecologically, plays an important role in the Chilean sclerophyllous forest and contributes to post-fire regeneration processes. The species is widely recognized for its medicinal value due to its rich phytochemical composition, particularly the presence of boldine, an aporphine alkaloid associated with several pharmacological properties. In addition, contains phenolic compounds and terpenoid rich volatile fractions that contribute to its biological activity. Studies have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of its extracts and isolated compounds. These effects are mainly associated with free radical scavenging, modulation of inflammatory pathways, and inhibitory activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Other potential activities, including hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, have also been reported. This review also integrates current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, highlighting the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, extraction technologies, safety considerations, and existing knowledge gaps are critically discussed. Future pharmaceutical development should focus on isolating beneficial compounds like boldine to minimise systemic risks. At the same time, public health guidelines should emphasize avoiding self-medication with concentrated extracts and the strict monitoring of patients with pre-existing liver conditions or who are pregnant.