Impact of workplace exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

BackgroundWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) contribute to pain, functional limitations, and reduced productivity. Workplace exercise has been proposed to reduce WMSDs and improve function.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of workplace exercise programs on flexibility, handgrip strength, and productivity among adult workers.MethodsA systematic review of randomized clinical trials was registered (PROSPERO: CRD420250654849) and conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases searched included MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and CINAHL through July 2025. Three reviewers assessed study quality using RoB 2.0. Meta-analyses were conducted in RevMan 5.4.3 using fixed or random-effects models according to heterogeneity. Effect estimates were expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE.ResultsFrom 3,247 records, 19 randomized clinical trials met inclusion criteria, comprising 1,624 participants (824 intervention, 800 control). Workplace exercise significantly improved flexibility versus control (SMD 0.23; 95% CI 0.08-0.38; I²=47%; moderate-certainty evidence) and increased handgrip strength (MD 2.64 kg; 95% CI 0.55-4.72; I²=0%; moderate-certainty evidence). No significant effect was observed on work absenteeism (SMD -0.27; 95% CI -0.71 to 0.17; I²=75%; low-certainty evidence).ConclusionsStructured workplace exercise programs produce modest improvements in flexibility and grip strength but show no clear effect on productivity. These gains are consistent with general physiological responses to structured physical activity, indicating that workplace exercise is best regarded as a feasible delivery model rather than a uniquely effective occupational intervention. Comparative trials against non-workplace programs are needed.