An Environmental Stable Ionogel-Based Smart Glove System for Integrated Underwater Communication and Safety Warning

Flexible sensing technology based on hydrogel-based smart gloves enables accurate gesture recognition in complex environments, but such gloves degrade in dry, high-temperature, and underwater conditions, and their complex assembly limits practical usability. Here, a smart glove monitoring system is developed by integrating a poly(benzyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/ionic liquid (P(BZMA-co-HEA)/IL) ionogel sensing layer with a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The ionogel is constructed through a network-constrained ionic soft-space regulation strategy, where HEA-rich segments strengthen the network, IL provides deformation-adaptive ionic soft spaces, and BZMA-rich hydrophobic segments suppress water penetration. The optimized ionogel combines stretchability (up to 1100%), weight retention (98.86% at room temperature and 95.25% at 65°C), favorable adhesion, anti-swelling behavior, and stable sensing performance under multiple environmental conditions. The FPCB enables a detachable and reconfigurable sensor array, ensuring stable interfacial contact and wearing flexibility. By further combining multi-channel signal acquisition, fully connected neural network (FCNN)-assisted gesture classification, and real-time alert feedback, the smart glove functions as an integrated sensing-recognition-warning platform, achieving 99.92% gesture recognition accuracy and enabling reliable underwater communication and safety warning. This work establishes an effective material design and integration strategy for environmentally adaptive smart gloves.