Extraction, modification, and valorization of bamboo polysaccharides across different parts: A review

Bamboo polysaccharides, as a class of biological macromolecules, have attracted increasing attention for the development of functional materials. They are distributed across anatomically distinct parts of bamboo, including the culm, branches, leaves, rhizomes, and shoots. While numerous excellent reviews have focused on bamboo culm-derived cellulose and its nanocomposites, none have systematically addressed the polysaccharides from all bamboo parts, nor have they integrated their extraction, modification, and functional applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in bamboo polysaccharides, mainly cellulose and hemicellulose, derived from different parts. We first introduce the structural and chemical characteristics of these polysaccharides across bamboo tissues, followed by a discussion of extraction methods, as well as chemical modification strategies. Subsequently, we highlight the most promising applications of these polysaccharide-based materials, ranging from one-dimensional fibers and two-dimensional films to three-dimensional hydrogels, aerogels, and carbon materials, in energy storage, flexible electronics, thermal management, water purification, and packaging. Ultimately, this review provides a holistic perspective on the valorization of bamboo polysaccharides as sustainable building blocks for functional materials and devices, contributing to the full-component utilization of bamboo resources and supporting the transition toward a circular bioeconomy.