Mixed-reality-assisted training for vascular anastomosis: An exploratory pilot study

This exploratory pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility of mixed reality (MR)-assisted vascular anastomosis training for clinical clerks and to obtain preliminary data on technical performance and learner experience compared with conventional instruction using illustrated handouts.

Twelve fifth-year medical students were assigned to either the MR group (n = 6), which used a head-mounted display, or the control group (n = 6), which used printed handouts. After a standardized lecture, participants performed end-to-side vascular anastomosis twice using latex grafts. Technical performance was assessed using a 10-item original scale informed by the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills and the End-Product Rating Score. Subjective feedback was collected after each session using a paper-based, author-developed questionnaire.

Total scores did not differ significantly between the two groups in either the first session (28.3 ± 3.1 vs 32.0 ± 2.5, p = 0.106) or the second session (31.8 ± 2.8 vs 30.7 ± 1.7, p = 0.467). The total score increased within the MR group (p = 0.034), although the between-group difference in score change was not statistically significant (p = 0.263). Questionnaire responses indicated greater initial mental fatigue in the MR group, which decreased with repeated use.

This exploratory pilot study provides preliminary support for the practical feasibility of incorporating MR-assisted guidance into vascular anastomosis training. Initial mental fatigue and possible device-familiarization effects are practical considerations. Larger, adequately powered studies are needed to determine the comparative educational efficacy of MR.