Myo-inositol in placental metabolism and function: Implications for gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder affecting approximately 14% of pregnancies worldwide, with increasing incidence linked to rising obesity rates among women of reproductive age. GDM significantly impacts placental structure and function, leading to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Inositols, particularly myo-inositol (myo-Ins), play important roles in cellular signaling, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity, making them relevant to GDM pathophysiology. Myo-Ins, the most abundant inositol stereoisomer, is obtained through dietary intake and biosynthesis, with its metabolism intricately linked to insulin signaling. This review explores the role of myo-Ins in placental metabolism and its potential implications for GDM management. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which myo-Ins might influence glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism in the placenta, highlighting potential protective effects against GDM-induced placental dysfunction. Some clinical evidence suggests that myo-Ins supplementation may reduce the risk of GDM, improve insulin sensitivity, and mitigate adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the timing, dosage, and specific placental effects require further investigation to optimize therapeutic efficacy. This review underscores the potential of myo-Ins as an adjunctive therapy for GDM, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate mechanisms of action and long-term benefits for maternal and fetal health.