Localisation of Faecal Incontinence Based on History and Physical Examination: A Practical Guide for Neurosurgical Residents

Faecal incontinence (FI) is defined as the involuntary loss of stool or flatus and represents an important clinical problem that significantly affects quality of life. Normal continence depends on coordinated function between the rectum, anal sphincters, pelvic floor musculature, and neural pathways involving cortical, brainstem, spinal, and peripheral components. Disruption at any level of this complex system may result in bowel control dysfunction. Clinically, FI may present as urge, passive, or overflow incontinence depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Neurological lesions affecting the frontal cortex, spinal cord, sacral nerve roots, or peripheral nerves may impair voluntary control or disrupt reflex mechanisms of defecation. Careful clinical assessment, including detailed history and neurological examination, is therefore essential for accurate localisation of the underlying lesion and identification of reversible causes. Understanding the neuroanatomy and physiology of bowel continence is important for clinicians, particularly neurosurgeons, when evaluating patients with bowel dysfunction.