Utilization of Unusual Nonproteinogenic Amino Acids: A New Paradigm for Natural Products Drug Discovery
Rohit Singh1,2, Vikrant Nawal Vikram2,3, Narender Tadigoppula2,3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:
Nonproteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs) have become essential in developing small molecules, peptides, and proteins as modern-day chemistry and biology have progressed. The distribution, pharmacological functions, and metabolism of naturally occurring NPAAs are primarily unknown compared to the better-studied proteinogenic amino acids; however, natural NPAAs vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. The incorporation of NPAAs can significantly affect the stability, potency, and bioavailability of drugs or drugs-like candidates. The primary goal of this review is to compile and summarize the current knowledge on naturally occurring NPAAs, with a particular focus on their sources, biological functions, and potential therapeutic applications. A secondary objective is to demonstrate how little we know about the nutritional benefits of NPAAs, as well as how documented toxicity could be used in therapeutic development.
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