Invisible Fathers of Multiples: A Qualitative Survey Study Exploring Early Parenting Experiences of Multiple Birth Fathers in the UK

Multiple birth fathers remain largely invisible in perinatal research, policy and practice, despite facing distinctive practical, emotional and financial challenges. This study explores the early parenting experiences of multiple birth fathers in the United Kingdom using qualitative survey data from 107 participants, analysed using thematic analysis. Drawing on a social capital framework, it examines how access to structural, relational and cognitive resources shapes fathers' wellbeing. Four themes were identified: the complexities of early multiple birth fatherhood, fathers' mental health, the visibility of their needs, and experiences of support. Fathers described the intensity of raising multiples as 'doubly hard', characterized by exhaustion, financial strain, and 'survival mode' in the first year. Many reported significant mental health challenges, including stress, guilt, and feelings of being 'stretched to breaking point', yet often did not seek support or found available services generic and unhelpful. Experiences of support were inconsistent: while some benefited from flexible employers or strong social networks, others reported minimal professional engagement and perceived services as primarily mother-focused. Peer support from other multiple birth parents was valued but not always accessible. Access to structural resources such as paternity leave, financial support and tailored services was limited, while relational and cognitive resources, including shared understanding from professionals and peers, were uneven. Although UK-based, these findings reflect wider international gaps in father-inclusive perinatal care. Greater recognition of multiple birth fathers, alongside tailored mental health support and multiples-specific services, is needed to improve outcomes for families with multiples.