Engineered peroxisomes and patient-derived iPSC models as potential biomaterial platforms for precision neuroprotection in oxidative stress-driven central nervous system disorders

Peroxisomes couple hydrogen peroxide metabolism to lipid homeostasis, making their functions relevant to neurological disease and to the design of intracellular catalytic biomaterials. However, the strength of disease-specific evidence and the functions reproduced by current materials vary substantially. This narrative review distinguishes modified biological peroxisomes from artificial and biomimetic platforms and evaluates how patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models could support their development. We examine membrane chemistry, substrate permeability, enzyme retention, catalytic activity, cell targeting, blood-brain barrier transport, three-dimensional tissue penetration, and intracellular fate. We separate the established causal role of peroxisomal defects in primary peroxisomal disorders from associative or unresolved findings in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Kleefstra syndrome is discussed as a hypothesis-generating neurodevelopmental model, without assuming a primary peroxisomal defect. Published artificial-organelle studies establish selected catalytic and delivery capabilities, but do not validate the integrated patient-specific CNS therapeutic strategy proposed here. We therefore outline a staged evaluation framework that combines materials characterization with mechanistic controls, differentiated neural cultures, multicellular models, animal pharmacology, safety, and manufacturing assessment. Comparison with conventional antioxidant carriers, plasmalogen supplementation, and PPAR agonists should determine whether compartmentalized catalysis offers a measurable advantage. We provide a platform classification, a disease-resolved evidence hierarchy, and a set of controls and measurable endpoints intended to make peroxisome-inspired constructs comparable across studies. Clinical development will require evidence of disease-relevant benefit beyond ROS reduction and an acceptable therapeutic window.